Abortion In America

Bibliography

Abortion - Gallup Historical Trends

I used this website to analyze polls about abortion in America from 1976 to 2014. I found the graphs to be very helpful and all of the data I found was very interesting and relevant to my research. I was surprised to find the fact that most Americans had false assumptions about their country's stance on the topic. Most people thought that the larger majority of Americans were pro-choice, when in fact the country is split about 50-50.

Planned Parenthood 

I found this source to be INCREDIBLY disturbing. It outlines exactly what occurs during an abortion procedure. I don't think I will ever be able to forget the things I read on this website. It is the official website for the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. 

PR Newswire Article 
This article (Published in January of 2015) talks about the current standpoint of America on abortion. It suggests that the larger half of the country (84% to be exact) would ban abortion after 3 months of pregnancy. This includes nearly 7 in 10 who identify as "pro-choice".

National Abortion Federation
This is the official website for the "pro-choice" stance on abortion. I was surprised by how organized and easy to navigate the website was, considering the pro-life website. However, I believe it is nicer than the latter because the National Abortion Federation is an actual association for medical professionals, instead of just a website for a political stance in a controversy. 

Priests For Life
I included this website because I wanted to account for every man in this "battle". Even though "Pro-life priests" do not make up that many of the pro-life advocates, they are still a group that needs to be accounted for. I found their dedication to their work to be very inspiring and relevant. 

National Right To Life

This is the official website for the "pro-life" stance on abortion. It is not the easiest website to navigate, but I still felt that it was crucial to my research because it is the official product of the pro-life advocates. 

Reproductive Rights (Issues on Trial)
This book was a great source for me when I was starting out my research. It gave me a good basis of topics to go off of for my paper. It did have a lot of excess knowledge, but that comes with most books. I was able to thumb through the information and what I was left with was a good understanding of my topic.

Abortion (Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons)
 This book was also very helpful with forming my basis of knowledge for my topic, but not much more than that. It was helpful, but not that helpful.

Anti-Defimation League {Anti-Abortion Violence: America's Forgotten Terrorism}

This article, produced by the Anti-Defimation League, goes into detail about the terrorism towards abortion doctors. Despite its slight bias, I felt that it was still a very viable and educational source. 

Skinner v. Oklahoma – Case Brief Summary

This serves as my representation of the Supreme Court case between Skinner v. State of Oklahoma, ex. rel. Williamson.

Roe v. Wade – Case Brief Summary
This serves as my representation of the Supreme Court case between Jane Roe, et al v. Henry Wade, District Attorney of Dallas County.

Essay

      Since the ancient times of Assyria in 605 BC, abortions have been a very controversial topic. However, I would like to think that the modern people of the United States are not extremists like the ancient people of Assyria. Their culture dictated that a married woman who had an abortion was seen as violating her husband’s line of descendants (Abortion-Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons). To punish this “crime” she faced death by impalement on stakes, without the dignity of a proper burial (Abortion-Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons). Even though Americans do not deem “impalement on the stake” as a suitable punishment for abortion patients, many still take a rather radical standpoint, and some even resort to terrorism. 

      To understand the topic of abortion, you must first familiarize yourself with the different standpoints on the issue. Basically, there are two opposing sides: the pro-life stance and the pro-choice stance. The basic beliefs of pro-life advocates are that human life begins at conception and ends at natural death. In addition, during said period between conception and natural death, humans deserve the most basic right, the right to life. On the other hand, those who are pro-choice believe a woman’s right to “control her reproductive capacities” far outweighs that of the unborn fetus. They do grant that an unborn fetus is alive, they just don't agree that it has rights as a citizen of the state until it exits the womb. In addition to the two more clear cut sides, there also those that fall somewhere in the middle. Polls consistently show that fifty to sixty percent of Americans favor abortion “but only under certain circumstances” (Gallup). Some people who are pro-life believe that abortions can be justified in certain situations. These situations are characterized by two main scenarios, when birthing the baby becomes a threat to the life of the mother, and instances of rape. Also, some people who are pro-choice believe there should be restrictions on all procedures occurring after the first trimester as well as a minor’s access to abortion procedures in general.  

      Each side of the abortion controversy has their main arguments for why their opinion is more logical than the latter. However, there are also those who take the slightly less admirable path and resort to blaming and name calling. For example, the pro-choice advocates like to advertise the horrible occurrences happening across the country known as “anti-abortion violence crimes”. These crimes include the manslaughter of abortion doctors as well as abortion clinic bombings. "Typically, single-issue extremism emerges as an ultra-radical wing of a much broader social or political movement, a wing so agitated about its chosen cause that its adherents may come to believe that violence in the service of that cause is justified or even required" (Anti-Defimation League: Anti-Abortion Violence: America's Forgotten Terrorism). Even though these horrible acts of terrorism are solely committed by pro-life extremists, they still “taint the water” of their entire organization. Pro-choice believers like to use these examples in their political cartoons and in propaganda about their opposing party. On the other hand, the argument of the pro-life advocates is that every single abortion should be considered manslaughter. They use pictures of aborted babies with their extremities ripped off and pictures of all of the tools abortion doctors use in order to expose the true horror that takes place during an abortion. They are also huge on the phrase “every abortion stops a heartbeat”. Pro-life advocates believe that abortion is manslaughter because here is no doubt about the fact that someone is alive when they have a heartbeat. This opens up an entirely new question: When is the fetus actually considered a “person”? 

      Quickening is defined as the first sensation of fetal movement felt by the mother, usually occurring between the fourth and fifth month of pregnancy. In 1803 English statutory law stated that an abortion of a quick fetus was a capital crime, it also made lesser penalties for abortions committed before quickening. Then in 1821, under the American Law, Connecticut became the first state to enact abortion legislation. Next, in 1828, the state of New York implemented a concept of “therapeutic abortion” by proving that an abortion shall be excused if it is necessary to “preserve the life of the mother”. By 1840, only eight American states had statutes dealing with abortion, and it wasn't until 1860 that abortion before quickening became a crime. Fast forward to the end of the 1950’s, and a large majority of American jurisdictions have banned abortion. Excluding cases when it is done in efforts to save the life of the mother. The state also steps in to defend their duty to protect prenatal life. Today, in 2015, recognition stands at potential life, at this point the state may hold interests beyond the protection of the mother alone.

      The court of law also plays a huge role in the abortion debate. The United States Congressional System has had a stake in the controversy that is abortion since 1868 when the 14th Amendment stated “nor shall any state deprive any person of life”. Now, this amendment does not directly relate to abortion, but it is the oldest part of the American Law that attorneys can point to in regards to abortion. Rights such as contraception, abortion, and the right to decide to have children or not is actually never mentioned in the Constitution, or its amendments. They typically fall under “right to privacy” but this right is never explicitly outlined in the Constitution or its Amendments either. With a topic as controversial as abortion, a plethora of supreme court cases is basically inevitable. “Skinner v. Oklahoma” and “Roe v. Wade” are among the cases of highest importance in the United States. 

      Skinner v. Oklahoma does not directly relate to abortion, but it addresses the same basis of ideals as abortion cases; the right to procreate, or not. “Oklahoma defined a habitual criminal as a person who, ‘having been convicted two or more times for crimes amounting to felonies involving moral turpitude’ either in Oklahoma or another State, is thereafter convicted of such a felony in Oklahoma and is sentenced to a term of imprisonment in a Oklahoma penal institution.’ Such habitual criminals could be subject to forced sterilization” (Case-briefs: Skinner v. Oklahoma). This act of being forced into sterilization violates the very freedom pro-choice advocates are trying to protect. So that is why this case is included in the list of crucial cases. 

      Roe v. Wade was basically the first Supreme Court ruling about abortion. It contended that “pregnant women have a constitutional right to obtain an abortion, free of government interference”. This case was initiated by a single, pregnant woman in Texas. the was challenging the law that  “made it a crime to obtain or attempt an abortion except on medical advice to save the life of the mother” (Roe v. Wade – Case Brief Summary) The court ruled on many things during this case. The first was that the Texas state laws that prohibit abortion in cases other than life saving procedures on the mother’s behalf were unconstitutional because they violated the “Due Process Clause” of the Fourteenth Amendment. This clause protects the basic right to privacy. Under this umbrella of freedom falls a woman’s right to end her baby’s life “against state action” (Roe v. Wade – Case Brief Summary). The judges also decided that despite the fact that the state can not actually stop a woman from having an abortion, it has some stake in the situation because it has the interest of the potential human life in mind as well as the life of the mother.

      I knew that I wanted this topic because I am very passionate about it. The research process for me was very enjoyable because I was actually invested in what I was learning about. I have always known why I am pro-life, but this research furthered my beliefs and passion even more. I looked at the official websites for the opposing sides and supplemented this with news articles and national polls. At first I was slightly concerned that I would not be able to hide my bias on the topic since I feel so strongly about it,  but now I am confident in my research and I believe that I have represented a well rounded analysis of my topic. I was very shocked to learn about the literal process of abortion, and even more astounded by the pictures of aborted babies. All of these things aside, the topic of abortion is very hot in the United States, and I can see it being a conflict for many years to come. 

Photos

Click on the photos to be taken to the website they are from.
(Captions are placed below the picture they are associated with) 

 
This diagram shows the different opinions on abortion in the United States, and the percentages of people who stand behind them.

This chart shows the American opinion on the legality of abortions from 1975 to 2013.

This political cartoon was produced by a pro-choice advocate. It calls out pro-life advocates by suggesting that they are just as bad as abortion doctors because some extremists have murdered abortion doctors, much like how abortion doctors kill babies. 

This political cartoon was produced by a pro-life advocate. It suggests that Planned Parenthood is noting but a business and that abortion doctors are nothing but vacuum cleaners with a medical license. 

This diagram shows the process of Dilation and Evacuation after 23 weeks of pregnancy. 

I am aware this photo is quite graphic, but I felt it was necessary in to portray every aspect of my topic thoroughly.

Cinderella Man

James J. Braddock 

Links

http://markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/cinderellaman.htm

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0352248/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_Man

http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cinderella_man/

Essay

On May 29, 2005 a movie came out that would change modern America’s view on the great depression. This movie was called Cinderella Man. Cinderella Man is a great example of a masterpiece which encompasses historical elements as well as having a brilliant and entertaining story along with it. Historical events can often be difficult to portray without have the audience left bored and uninterested, but this movie does it flawlessly. Its sales of 61.6 million in the box office attest to the film’s success.

In my opinion, this movie tells us an emotional and inspirational “fairy tale” about one man and exposes audiences to the facts about the Great Depression as it was experienced by most Americans. We, as an audience, are able to identify with the struggles Braddock has which takes the film to a new dimension. I was personally very heartbroken when I saw the dresser in the very beginning of the movie go from being filled with beautiful belongings to an empty shelf. This one scene perfectly incapsulates a huge part of the Great Depression because it reveals a struggle that the majority of America was facing; they were having to sell their belongings in order to make ends meet. We see Braddock talking to his wife about how their electricity bill was overdue and if they didn't find money quick, their heating and electricity would be shut off.  This was a reality for many families across the country during the Great Depression, and I enjoyed watching it and hearing it much more than I would have reading it in a textbook. 

Another event which took place in the Great Depression was receiving government aid. Braddock had a lot of self pride, so asking others for anything, especially money, was a very difficult thing for him to do. At first he decides to ask his fellow wrestling peers for anything they are willing to give him. Even this is a huge step for Braddock, and something he never imagined he would have to do. However, this became a realty for him when his wife decided to send the kids away because they were getting sick from the heat being off in their apartment. This occurrence is also a great example of a real life event that happened all throughout the Great Depression. Parents were forced to send their kids away, often to multiple households, to live with people who could afford to take care of them. This took Braddock over the edge because he had promised his kids that he would never send them away, so he knew he had to do whatever it took to get them back. After he asked his peers for money, he found himself in a bind again, this time he decided to go the financial aid office for relief. 

Even without all of the history interspersed into the story, it still has a very interesting plot line. Amongst all of the historical facts is a story of a family trying to survive in very difficult times. I enjoyed watching the roller coaster that is the Braddock’s lifestyle. All of the little moments shared between Mister and Misses Braddock added a sweet charm to the film as a whole. Having watched the film all of the way through, and following the characters through their struggles, I was very pleased to see Braddock win the fight in the very end. What made it even better is the fact that James Braddock actually won the fight in real life. The directors decision to keep the historical accuracy at the highest it could be while still making the story interesting is truly what made the movie a success. 

Birmingham Visit Reflection

      On the trip I learned a lot more about what segregation was really like for blacks during this time. I have always heard about how horrific it was, read about it in books, and even watched movies about it. But I was never able to actually put myself in their shoes and understand how had it actually was. There is a very large difference between knowing something and embracing it. I feel that I was in the "knowing stage" until I went on this trip. This experience changed my perspective on civil rights because it opened my eyes to the realities of the situations. Actually standing in the same place where 4 black girls were bombed takes the learning experience to a whole new level. 
       I would definitely have to agree that this trip is worth the time we sacrifice by missing a day of school. Field trips are a very successful method of teaching and learning because the make the material exciting. Being able to actually stand in front of an exhibit and look at the displays as well as read the placards is way more intriguing than sitting at desk and looking at a picture in a textbook. 

I took this photo while I was in Birmingham yesterday

Questions About World War I

Source

Link
PBS: The companion website for "The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century, a "KCET/BBC" co-production in association with The Imperial War Museum.

Link
Library of Congress: America's Story from America's Library

Link
Kids Overview of World War I

Questions

1.  a) When did WWI begin?
           A: World War I began in 1914.
     b) Why?
           A: "Historians can easily identify the "smoking gun" that set the War in motion. A revolver used by a Serbian nationalist to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( heir apparent to the Austro- Hungarian throne) in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914."
     c) Between which two groups was the war fought?
          A: The war was fought between the Allies and the Central Powers.
     d) What were the names and members of the countries of the opposing sides?
          A: "The allies (Russia, France, and Britain) were pitted against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungray, and Turkey). Later in 1917, America joined the war as well."

2. When and why did the United States join the war?
      A: The United States joined the War in 1917 when President Woodrow Wilson called on Americans to "make the world safe for democracy."

3. When and why did WWI come to an end?
     A: "Germany's civilian support for the war eventually collapsed, and a mutiny by the German navy that sparked civil riots sweep through the cities. In early November, the Kaiser abdicated and fled to neutral Holland. On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, a cease-fire went into effect for all combatants."

4. What were the terms of the major agreement ending the war?  Why did the United States not ratify this treaty, even though President Wilson had played such a major role in negotiating it?

   A:"On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allied Nations (including Britain, France, Italy and Russia) signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the war. (Versailles is a city in France, 10 miles outside of Paris.) The United States did not sign the treaty, however, because it objected to its terms, specifically, the high price that Germany was to pay for its role as aggressor. Instead, the U.S. negotiated its own settlement with Germany in 1921."

5.  This data makes me wonder,  Why did the different sides have the names "Allies and Central Powers"?

    A: the Triple Alliance made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and their enemy was the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Great Britain. As other countries began to join sides, the Triple Alliance became known as the Central Powers and the Triple Entente became the Allied Forces.

3rd Quarter Research- Food Safety

Essay

        

   In my research about food safety in the Progressive Era, I found there were two major acts passed in regards to public health. These two acts were the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. These two acts were the government's response to public outcry in the early 1900's.

     Muckrakers were the driving force behind the creation of both the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Elizabeth Fee defines muckrakers as "writers of the progressive movement of the early twentieth century who exposed the corruption of businesses and the government to the public. The two main examples I researched were Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams. Both worked at McClure's Magazine during their writing careers, however it is unconfirmed if their employment times overlapped at all. Samuel Hopkins Adams wrote many articles about food safety, but Upton Sinclair had a much larger response to his works. 

    Upton Sinclair was born in 1878 in Baltimore, Maryland and studied to be an author at Colombia University . In 1904 Appeal to Reason Weekly offered him five hundred dollars (approximately $11, 500 today) to write an expose in meatpacking. This sparked his interest and led him to write The Jungle.  Sinclair went undercover and worked as a mea packer for 7 weeks in preparation for his book writing process in Packingtown, Illinois. What he discovered was repulsive; manufacturers produced a product called "potted chicken". This was basically a mixture of pork fat, beef suet, hearts of beef, and veal waste. Workers also suffered from tragedies such as tuberculosis, severed fingers, and even blood poisoning. He also heard stories of employees falling into vats, only to be discovered as bones at a later date, if they were even discovered at all.

       After Sinclair published his book, there was a wave of concern and outcry throughout the American public. In response to this, president Roosevelt launched his own investigation. His results were never published to the public, but he did say" the method of handling and preparing food products is uncleanly and dangerous to health". Sinclair was unhappy with the results of his book and he was quoted " I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach".

     In order to enrich my paper with a little bit of local history, I visited the Huntsville Public Library to learn about Huntsville's role in food production. I met with the head of the archive department, Susanna Leberman. She pulled newspaper articles from the early 1900's for me to look at and gather information. From this I learned that Huntsville didn't play a particularly large role in food production, but at one time they were the Watercress Capitol of the United States. 

      In the early 1900's watercress was a much larger market than it is today. It is a leafy green vegetable that grows underneath the water of smaller bodies of water like ponds. In Huntsville, Frank Dennis and his family led the watercress revolution. He bought bodies of water from Moore's Mill to Meridianville. He also had concerns about the mass production of watercress because he did not want to rate quantity over quality. He improved the production by controlling insects and weeds, purifying the water used to grow the watercress, and conserving soil. However, his biggest accomplishment was probably being added to the Defense Department Procurement List. This list set the standards for food safety in regards to grocery stores and other vendors. From this admission he gained around seven hundred and fifty new grocers as year round customers.

In conclusion, the combined efforts of muckrakers and the American population, the United States began to move forward towards a healthier nation. This time period is a great example of Americans “being Americans”. The population fought for something they cared about, and in the end the result was very positive as these regulations are still being used today.

Sources

1. Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Safer and Healthier Foods

This article comes directly from the CDC website.

2. When and why was FDA formed

This explanation is given by the FDA themselves.

3. Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906

This is the actual act written out in full.

4. Progressive Era Reform

This is one of my least credible sources, it comes from a high school in New York. Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center. The author is Thomas C. Caswell, I believe he does not work for the school anymore because his profile page was removed from the school's website.

5. National Consumer's League

I learned general information about the National Consumer's league as well as their "stamp of approval".

6. Article from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

This was an extremely helpful and credible source. Robert W. Cherny gave me a great insight on Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

7. Samuel Hopkins Adams Biography

Elizabeth Fee wrote a great article about the American writer and muckraker, Samuel Hopkins Adams.

8. The Huntsville Historical Review

This was my favorite source because it actually comes from Huntsville! This article by Christopher Lang goes into great detail about The Huntsville Depot and Dennis Watercress.

9. U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service

This source comes directly from the Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service's website. it gives good background information about growing the meat packing industry and advancing food safety regulations.

10. Meat Inspection Act- American Histogram

This article describes Theodore Roosevelt's role in the Pure Food Drug Act

11. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle: Muckraking the Meat-Packing Industry- Constitutional Rights Foundation

This is an amazing article which covers many aspects of food safety in the Progressive Era produced by the Constitutional Rights Foundation.

12. American History: A Survey by Alan Brinkley

I did not find much information on my topic in the book, but on page 596 there was a paragraph about the Pure Food and Drug Act

13. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

I found this book to be an amazing primary source. The excerpt Ms. Lawson gave me was eye opening. Mr. Sinclair had some horrific stories to tell and he documented them for the masses in order to make an impact in the United States for the better.

Photos

Watercress

The rest of my photos are pictures I took on my phone of photo records at the Huntsville Public Library. I do not know much about them as they were in a box of photos from the early 1900s.

 This image is of some men working in a watercress pond in Huntsville, AL

There seems to be a horse and carriage of sorts in the pond as well.

This picture also features men working in a watercress pond in Huntsville, AL.

How Do You Analyze A Political Cartoon?

I think in order to analyze a political cartoon you need to be aware of the current events to which it could be referencing. It would also be helpful to know a little background about the author and their views.


I have decided to go by the method of Observe, Reflect, Question
Teacher's Guide to Analyzing Political Cartoons


Moving forward, I would first look at the cartoon and notice what stands out to me. I will also ask questions: Is this picture realistic? What about it makes it realistic or unrealistic? What is the message? Were there words? Then I will reflect; who is the target audience? What is the opinion of the artist? Lastly, I will form my own questions about the piece.

#1

Firstly I noticed that the people in Uncle Sam's basket have Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Cuba written on the people. It looks like Uncle Sam is carrying people from Cuba. Puerto Rico, and Hawaii, and John Bull is carrying people from China and India. On the rocks there are words like brutality, ignorance, and oppression and at the top of all of the rocks there is a golden statue with civilization written above it. I think the cartoonist was trying to portray that Uncle Sam and John Bull were trying to achieve the same goal, but using different methods, with different groups of people.

#2

Firstly I noticed that Uncle Sam is present as well as "students" wearing banners which show they ate from Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Hawaii. In the background there are students in desks reading books which have states on the covers such as Texas, Arizona, and California. I also noticed that the classroom resembles a "principals desk" scenario because Uncle Sam is standing tall over the students on the bench while the students in the desks seem to be in a slightly different "scene" than Uncle Sam and the "new students". I think this shows that Uncle Sam is trying to teach the people of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Hawaii about the way the US governs their nation because the book on Uncle Sam's desk says "US Self Government".

#3

Firstly I notice the appearance of Uncle Sam and John Bull at the gate which as the Philippines labeled on the column behind Uncle Sam. I am assuming that this represents Uncle Sam's correlation with the Philippines. However, I am confused about why John Bull doesn't have the name of a country near him. I also notice that there are two men walking towards the entrance of the gate. The men are wearing hats which say "Russia" and "Germany". 

End of Semester Speech

        This year I was pleasantly surprised to discover that there is a way of learning history without it giving me the urge to fall asleep.  In the past I have always dreaded history class because it usually involved lots of note taking and hours of memorizing facts. This year has changed all of that because I have begun to see history in a different light due to the way our class is set up. The class is presented with the opportunity to form our own opinions about topics, before we actually begin to learn the material. Then we are able to apply these opinions to the material, in order to emulate how we would have actually reacted to the situation if we had been living during the time which we are studying. This method has enabled me to understand the situations of Americans in the past because I am able to sympathize with them through our activities in class.

I was unpleasantly surprised to learn that luck plays a larger role in success than I would like to think. This is not to say that I have changed my opinion that hard work and skill play a huge role in success, I have just been enlightened in the patterns of the past. For example, the Rockefeller family. John Davison Rockefeller Senior was not born into his wealth, he worked hard to make something of himself, but he owes the extent of his success to timing and luck. If he had been born in any other time period, when the oil industry wasn't booming, he would not have the success story which he has today.

Ten years from now, I am likely to remember that slaves actually came to America before the pilgrims. This surprised me because I had always been told that the pilgrims where the first people to come to this great nation, other than the native americans of course. I think I will always remember this because I was so shocked to find out that this notion is just a myth used to maintain the reputation of our country's founding to children by omitting the parts of the story which are questionable in the eyes of the masses.

In the past, Americans have struggled with rebuilding the lives of people affected by national disasters, and today we still face some of the same issues. Happiness is one of these issues which was emphasized in the reconstruction of the South after the Civil War. Everyone was unhappy and there was no way to balance everything out to please both races. Whereas today there is still a huge discrepancy when it comes to happiness of United States’ citizens. Everyone wants something different for their county, and it is very difficult for the officials in power to make decisions which are suitable to the majority of their party.

I have really enjoyed these past two quarters, and from what I have learned I think this era can be summed up to “The Age of Evolution” I can not wait to see what is to come next semester.